Albert Einstein's theory of relativity in words of four letters or less (1999)
137 comments
·April 14, 2025joboone
Relativity= The force from the beginning.
My bad, five words.
J. Openhiem
hkmaxpro
Reminds me of Yasha Berchenko-Kogan’s excellent answer to the question “What do grad students in math do all day?”
https://www.quora.com/Mathematics/What-do-grad-students-in-m...
> a bit like trying to explain a vacuum cleaner to someone who has never seen one, except you're only allowed to use words that are four letters long or shorter.
> What can you say?
> "It is a tool that does suck up dust to make what you walk on in a home tidy."
stevage
You don't need the awkward "does". I'd go with:
It is a tool to suck up dust and dirt from rugs, wood or even tile.
karaterobot
I liked that the original explained the value of the vacuum cleaner. It's not that it removes dirt and dust per se, it's that it makes spaces you walk on tidier.
pavlov
Somehow the sequences of small words and ample syntax make this sentence quite difficult to parse.
Maybe just go full pidgin:
“Tool to suck dust, make tidy for walk in home.”
card_zero
Oh come on, this shit is easy. Why did they say "it is" and not "it's", by the way? To put it that way can't help. So yeah, it's a pipe that can suck, and you push it all over your room, to suck the dust and dirt up off the rugs and such, and in fact off of any low down flat part. One kind can even move on its own! But what I want to say here, in the main, is that you math guys have all lost your grip on how to say any idea in an easy form. You are not able to do it any more, 'cos too much math has made you sick in the head.
lgeorget
Nice one but "'cos" does not go by the rule, I feel. You can use "for" at the same spot but, well, it has a tone you did not go for in your text.
frostyel
[dead]
saghm
I feel like there's still room to avoid pidgin while making it less awkward, e.g.: "It's a tool that can suck up dust or dirt to make your home more tidy."
neogodless
This version reminds me of Poetry for Neatherthals (board game).
You have to get others to guess a (typically multi-syllabic) word or phrase, but use only one syllable words to get them there.
"Tool suck dust, make not dirt for walk in home."
null
HPsquared
A tool to take away dust and dirt in the home.
pyfon
It suck shit up
efitz
As someone who's encountered the "pet-shit-on-the-floor" problem, I can assure you that this description is inaccurate.
ThePowerOfFuet
Why use many word when few word do trick
null
stavros
This essay is fantastic at demonstrating that putting a word length limit actually makes explaining things more complicated. I got lost at around chapter 5 because the author couldn't use words like "gravity" and "acceleration" and I got confused by which one is "new pull" and which one is "old pull". It's too bad, as it was interesting up to that point.
K0balt
There’s a reason why vocabulary exists. It isn’t to make things harder to understand. Sometimes the best way to explain something to someone with a limited vocabulary is to expand their vocabulary in the process.
Finnucane
To expand the vocabulary, you'd still need to break down 'gravity' and 'acceleration' into simpler words. Though still easier without an arbitrary length limit. You could say, "change in the speed a thing moves" but that needs five or six letters.
wizzwizz4
Of course you find it hard to distinguish the two! You don't have equipment for measuring tidal forces, and they are locally indistinguishable.
Alex-Programs
Of sure you find it hard to tell the two away! You lack the gear for tide pull test, and they feel the same here and local.
I hate this.
wizzwizz4
The new pull and the old pull both just feel like a pull, if you can only feel the pull at one spot. To see how the old pull is not like the new pull, you have to test the pull at a spot near you (but not the same spot), too. The new pull will be the same at each spot, but the old pull may not be the same (we call this the tide), and you test the sum of the new and old pull.
(This is hard.)
BobaFloutist
It's fair that it's hard to keep the two from becoming the same in your head, you need fancy stuff to test for the force of the tide, and they are more or less the same from a close-up (any which is much closer than, say, the moon) view!
(Verbosity is your friend)
karmakaze
It's an exercise. I would have much preferred using the 20k most common words or something like that. The first thing that came to mind is "elevator" which is where the equivalence eureka comes from. It can be done in British English as "lift" but difficult otherwise.
Elevators are cool like telephone booths. I've wondered what a dog thinks using them for the first time, then accepting what they do and how much they understand its geometries.
chuckadams
Reminds me of Guy Steele making the point about big languages and small ones in his talk about Scheme. Started the whole lecture using only one-syllable words then gradually defined two-syllable words using only single syllables and so on.
zahlman
Ah, I take it that's "Growing a Language"?
4gotunameagain
> It's too bad
I think that's the whole point. It was never meant as being easier to grok
malfmalf
There was a talk at a university, where the presenter used only words of two or less SYLABLES , but he allowed himself to use more complicated words after explaining them (but kept that to a minimum).
I can't find either the author or the talk. I think it was some 5 years ago.
At first, I thought it was Randall Munroe, but I might be remembering this: https://xkcd.com/thing-explainer/
I've also tried with Paul Graham, who has some articles trying to convey something similar, but no luck there.
Edited to add : I think the original proponent of a similar idea was Richard Feynman : https://www.hpcdan.org/reeds_ruminations/2022/03/understandi...
jaynetics
Reminds me of "Gadsby", a 50.000 word novel without the letter "e":
isolli
I'd be curious to know if it was easier or harder (or perhaps just as difficult) to write than the French equivalent. [0]
The Wikipedia article goes on to discuss interesting aspects of how the book was translated in different languages, with different self-imposed constraints.
lelag
I can’t say for certain, but I’d guess that writing without the letter “e” is slightly more difficult in French than in English. For one, “e” is a bit more common in French (around 15% of all letters, versus about 12% in English). But more importantly, French grammar adds extra challenges—like gender agreement, where feminine forms often require an “e”, and the frequent use of articles like le and les, which become unusable.
That said, I think the most impressive achievement is the English translation of the French novel. Writing an original constrained novel is hard enough, but translating one means you can’t just steer the story wherever you like. You have to preserve the plot, tone, and themes of the original, all while respecting a completely different set of linguistic limitations. That’s a remarkable balancing act.
vodou
Georges Perec did the same with his novel "La Disparition".
What is almost as impressive is that these novels (at least Perec's) have been translated to other languages.
koiueo
I imagine LLMs would excel in this kind of writing these days.
But really impressive for the time.
lvncelot
I think it's the exact opposite, as they operate on a token-level, not a character level, which makes tasks like these harder for them. So they would generate a sentence with multiple es in it and just proclaim that they didn't.
(Just tried it, "write a short story of 12 sentences without one occurence of the letter e" - it had 5 es.)
Timwi
You're assuming all you can do is prompt it. Surely you could also constrain its output to tokens that genuinely contain no e’s (or make only max 4 letters per word). LLMs actually output a probability distribution of next tokens; ChatGPT just always picks the top one, but you could totally just always filter that list by any constraint you want.
stavros
I think an LLM would do well on this if you gave it a function that located words with an e so it could change them.
chillitom
They’d probably sucks at a challenge like that because they work on tokens and don’t really see individual letters.
There was a post here a little while back asking AI models to count the number of Rs in the word raspberry and most failed.
Der_Einzige
I wrote the relevant paper about this:
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.15926
https://github.com/Hellisotherpeople/Constrained-Text-Genera...
null
probably_wrong
You don't need to go all the way to LLMs when a simpler approach may do.
Here's a "What if?" on a very similar issue that uses Markov chains: https://what-if.xkcd.com/75/
mock-possum
LLMs are usually shit at this kind of wordplay, they don’t understand the rules - words that begin or end or include particular letters, words that rhyme, words with particular numbers is syllables - they’ll get it right more often than wrong, maybe, but in my experience they just aren’t capable catching wrong answers before returning them to the reader, even if they’re told to check their work.
null
pyfon
8 of them on the cover!
freetonik
It was interesting to notice that not all short words are necessarily simple. Words like "void", "iota", "mass", or "veer".
patates
Thanks to Javascript, I know void.
Thanks to Go, I know iota.
moomin
Thanks to Java, I know pain.
johannes1234321
The question is: Do you know the words or do you know the meaning in the context of the article?
adityaathalye
They demonstrate they know 'veer' (off topic) without saying 'veer'.
mjbrusso
Now I feel old. I know void from K&R C and iota from APL
blueaquilae
This is kinda confusing at it's more for people who already know the meaning. Take the bus exemple, it's so short that it skip explaining why someone on a moving bus will see different timing for the asteroid landing. You can decipher it if you know it, you'll not gonna learn from the story line.
FilosofumRex
"It's tempting, if the only tool you have is a hammer, to treat everything as if it were a nail." Maslow 1966. The essay is about physics, but all comments are about formatting and LLMs.
The conversationalist tone of the essay is misleading too. Hilbert, Minkowski, & Poincare, had done all the heavy lifting math and had held Einstein's hand all through 1915. As mathematicians they wouldn't qualify for Noble prize so made no claim to the discovery of GR.
api
I'm not sure if this is physically accurate, but the best description I've encountered for relativity is:
You are always traveling at the same speed. That speed is 'c', the speed of light.
If you are sitting still, you are 'falling' through the time dimension at 'c'. If you move in the X,Y,Z dimensions, you must move slower in the 't' dimension so that your velocity vector still sums to 'c'.
ahazred8ta
For reference, Poul Anderson's 'Uncleftish Beholding' -- an essay on atomic theory written in modernized anglo-saxon.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncleftish_Beholding
Up Goer Five; rocket science explained using only the one thousand most common english words.
https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php/1133:_Up_Goer_Fiv...
rootbear
I love “Uncleftish Beholding”, which someone said is written in “Anders-Saxon”. I think it would be fun to do it live as a Power-Point presentation.
ck2
I was thinking this morning how weird it is that everyone knows who Einstein was
But much smaller percent Niels Bohr
andai
I appreciate this, though the hard rule seems to be doing more harm than good. For example, one 5-letter word became 6 words, because 5-letter words aren't allowed!
So while the vocabulary is kept low, the writing style becomes harder to process, at least for me. I wonder if there's a way to win on both fronts, to make it maximally comprehensible for all involved.
I'd argue "use normal words that everyone knows" (even if they are 5 letters!) would be included in such a strategy.
Edit: Okay now I made it further in and I'm being asked to keep several different perspectives in my head simultaneously, perceiving different events at different rates of time... I think I need a diagram... or a microdose...
lgeorget
Several variants of simplified English have been designed for the purpose of being understood by learners or people with only basic command of English as a foreign language. Wikipedia has a version in Simple English for instance: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_English_Wikipedia.
Relativity= The force from the beginning.
My bad, five words.
J. Openhiem